Unit 731 Testimony Pdf To Word

Building on the site of the Harbin bioweapon facility of Unit 731 Unit 731 (: 731部隊,: Nana-san-ichi Butai) was a covert and research and development unit of the that undertook during the (1937–1945) of. It was responsible for some of the most notorious. Unit 731 was based at the district of, the largest city in the Japanese of (now ). It was officially known as the of the ( 関東軍防疫給水部本部, Kantōgun Bōeki Kyūsuibu Honbu). Originally set up under the of the, Unit 731 was taken over and commanded until the end of the war by General, a officer in the Kwantung Army.

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The facility itself was built between 1934 and 1939 and officially adopted the name 'Unit 731' in 1941. At least 3,000 men, women, and children —from which at least 600 every year were provided by the Kempeitai —were subjected as 'logs' to experimentation conducted by Unit 731 at the camp based in Pingfang alone, which does not include victims from other medical experimentation sites, such as. Unit 731 participants of Japan attest that most of the victims they experimented on were Chinese while lesser percentage were, and other POWs. The unit received generous support from the Japanese government up to the end of the war in 1945. Instead of being tried for war crimes after the war, the researchers involved in Unit 731 were secretly given immunity by the U.S. In exchange for the data they gathered through human experimentation.

Other researchers that the managed to arrest first were tried at the in 1949. Americans did not try the researchers so that the information and experience gained in bio-weapons could be co-opted into the, as had happened with researchers in. On 6 May 1947, as, wrote to that 'additional data, possibly some statements from Ishii probably can be obtained by informing Japanese involved that information will be retained in intelligence channels and will not be employed as 'War Crimes' evidence.' Victim accounts were then largely ignored or dismissed in the West as propaganda.

The ruins of a boiler building on the site of the bioweapon facility of Unit 731 Japanese researchers performed tests on prisoners with, and other diseases. This research led to the development of the and the flea bomb used to spread bubonic plague. Some of these bombs were designed with shells, an idea proposed by Ishii in 1938. These bombs enabled Japanese soldiers to launch biological attacks, infecting agriculture, reservoirs, wells, and other areas with, plague-carrier fleas, cholera, and other deadly pathogens. During biological bomb experiments, researchers dressed in protective suits would examine the dying victims. Infected food supplies and clothing were dropped by airplane into areas of China not occupied by Japanese forces.

In addition, poisoned food and candies were given to unsuspecting victims, and the results examined. In 2002, China, site of the flea spraying attack, held an 'International Symposium on the Crimes of Bacteriological Warfare' which estimated that at least 580,000 people died as a result of the attack. The historian Sheldon Harris claims that 200,000 died. In addition to Chinese casualties, 1,700 Japanese in were killed by their own biological weapons while attempting to unleash the biological agent, indicating serious issues with distribution. During the final months of World War II, Japan. The plan was scheduled to launch on September 22, 1945, but Japan surrendered five weeks earlier. Prisoners and victims According to A.S.

Wells, the majority of victims were mostly Chinese (including accused 'bandits' and 'Communists'), Korean, and Soviet, although they may also have included European, American, and Australian. Unit 731 participants of Japan attest that most of the victims they experimented on were Chinese while a small percentage were, and other POWs. Almost 70% of the victims who died in the camp were Chinese, including both civilian and military. Close to 30% of the victims were Soviet. Some others were and Pacific Islanders, at the time colonies of the, and a small number of Allied.

Robert Peaty (1903–1989), a British Major in the, was the senior ranking allied officer. During this time, he kept a secret diary. A copy of his entire diary exists in the archives. An extract of the diary is available at the at Kew. He was interviewed by the in 1981, and the audio recording tape reels are in the IWM's archives.

Known unit members. Lieutenant General. Lieutenant Colonel Ryoichi Naito, founder of the pharmaceutical company.

Divisions Unit 731 was divided into eight divisions:. Division 1: Research on, and using live human subjects. For this purpose, a prison was constructed to contain around three to four hundred people.

Division 2: Research for biological weapons used in the field, in particular the production of devices to spread germs and parasites. Division 3: Production of shells containing biological agents.

Stationed in Harbin. Division 4: Bacteria mass production and storage. Division 5: Training of personnel. Divisions 6–8: Equipment, medical and administrative units. Facilities.

The Harbin bioweapon facility is open to visitors. The Unit 731 complex covered six square kilometres (2.3 square miles) and consisted of more than 150 buildings.

The design of the facilities made them hard to destroy by bombing. The complex contained various factories. It had around 4,500 containers to be used to raise, six cauldrons to produce various chemicals, and around 1,800 containers to produce biological agents. Approximately 30 kilograms (66 pounds) of bubonic plague bacteria could be produced in a few days. Some of Unit 731's satellite facilities are in use by various Chinese industrial concerns. A portion has been preserved and is open to visitors as a War Crimes Museum. Tokyo A medical school and research facility belonging to Unit 731 operated in the District of during World War II.

In 2006, Toyo Ishii—a nurse who worked at the school during the war—revealed that she had helped bury bodies and pieces of bodies on the school's grounds shortly after in 1945. In response, in February 2011 the began to excavate the site. China requested DNA samples from any human remains discovered at the site. The Japanese government—which has never officially acknowledged the atrocities committed by Unit 731—rejected the request. Guangzhou. Information sign at the site today Operations and experiments continued until the end of the war.

Unit 731 Book

Ishii had wanted to use biological weapons in the since May 1944, but his attempts were repeatedly snubbed. Destruction of evidence With the coming of the Red Army in August 1945, the unit had to abandon their work in haste. The members and their families fled to Japan.

Ishii ordered every member of the group 'to take the secret to the grave', threatening to find them if they failed, and prohibiting any of them from going into public work back in Japan. Vials were issued for use in the event that the remaining personnel were captured. Skeleton crews of Ishii's Japanese troops blew up the compound in the final days of the war to destroy evidence of their activities, but most were so well constructed that they survived somewhat intact. American grant of immunity Among the individuals in Japan after their 1945 surrender was Lieutenant Colonel Murray Sanders, who arrived in via the American ship Sturgess in September 1945. Sanders was a highly regarded microbiologist and a member of America's military center for biological weapons. Sanders' duty was to investigate Japanese biological warfare activity. At the time of his arrival in Japan he had no knowledge of what Unit 731 was.

Until Sanders finally threatened the Japanese with bringing communism into the picture, little information about biological warfare was being shared with the Americans. The Japanese wanted to avoid the Soviet legal system so the next morning after the threat Sanders received a manuscript describing Japan's involvement in biological warfare. Sanders took this information to General Douglas MacArthur, who was the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers responsible for rebuilding Japan during the Allied occupations. MacArthur struck a deal with Japanese informants —he secretly granted to the physicians of Unit 731, including their leader, in exchange for providing America, but not the other wartime allies, with their research on biological warfare and data from human experimentation. American occupation authorities monitored the activities of former unit members, including reading and censoring their mail.

Believed that the research data were valuable. Did not want other nations, particularly the Soviet Union, to acquire data on.

The heard only one reference to Japanese experiments with 'poisonous serums' on Chinese civilians. This took place in August 1946 and was instigated by David Sutton, assistant to the Chinese prosecutor.

The Japanese defense counsel argued that the claim was vague and uncorroborated and it was dismissed by the tribunal president, Sir, for lack of evidence. The subject was not pursued further by Sutton, who was probably unaware of Unit 731's activities. His reference to it at the trial is believed to have been accidental. Separate Soviet trials Although publicly silent on the issue at the Tokyo Trials, the Soviet Union pursued the case and prosecuted twelve top military leaders and scientists from Unit 731 and its affiliated biological-war prisons Unit 1644 in Nanjing, and Unit 100 in Changchun, in the.

Included among those prosecuted for, including germ warfare, was General, the commander-in-chief of the million-man occupying Manchuria. The trial of those captured Japanese perpetrators was held in in December 1949. A lengthy partial transcript of the trial proceedings was published in different languages the following year by a foreign languages press, including an English language edition.

The lead prosecuting attorney at the Khabarovsk trial was, who had been one of the top Soviet prosecutors at the. The Japanese doctors and army commanders who had perpetrated the Unit 731 experiments received sentences from the Khabarovsk court ranging from two to 25 years in a. Refused to acknowledge the trials, branding them communist propaganda. The sentences doled out to the Japanese perpetrators were unusually lenient for Soviet standards, and all but one of the defendants returned to Japan by the 1950s (with the remaining prisoner committing suicide inside his cell).

In addition to the accusations of propaganda, the US also asserted that the trials were to only serve as a distraction from the Soviet treatment of several hundred thousand Japanese prisoners of war; meanwhile, the USSR asserted that the US had given the Japanese diplomatic leniency in exchange for information regarding their human experimentation. The accusations of both the US and the USSR were, ironically, true, and it is believed that they had also exchanged information to the Soviets regarding their biological experimentation for judicial leniency.

This was evidenced by the Soviet Union building a using documentation captured from Unit 731 in Manchuria. After World War II Official silence under Occupation As above, under the American occupation the members of Unit 731 and other experimental units were allowed to go free. One graduate of, Masami Kitaoka, continued to do experiments on unwilling Japanese subjects from 1947 to 1956 while working for Japan's National Institute of Health Sciences. He infected prisoners with and mental health patients with.

Post-Occupation Japanese media coverage and debate Japanese discussions of Unit 731's activity began in the 1950s, after the end of the American occupation of Japan. In 1952, human experiments carried out in Pediatric Hospital, which resulted in one death, were publicly tied to former members of Unit 731.

Later in that decade, journalists suspected that the murders attributed by the government to were actually carried out by members of Unit 731. In 1958, Japanese author published the book The Sea and Poison about human experimentation, which is thought to have been based on a real incident. The author published The Devil's Gluttony (悪魔の飽食) in 1981, followed by The Devil's Gluttony: A Sequel in 1983. These books purported to reveal the 'true' operations of Unit 731, but actually confused them with that of, and falsely used unrelated photos attributing them to Unit 731, which raised questions about its accuracy. Also in 1981 appeared the first direct testimony of human vivisection in China,. Since then many more in-depth testimonies have appeared in Japanese.

The 2001 documentary was composed largely of interviews with 14 members of Unit 731 who had been taken as prisoners by China and later released. Official government response in Japan. Find more about Unit 731at Wikipedia's. from Wiktionary. from Wikimedia Commons. from Wikinews. from Wikiquote.

from Wikisource. from Wikibooks. from Wikiversity. —The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). UNIT 731 information site. —The Federation of American Scientists (FAS).

—The Federation of American Scientists (FAS). Unit 731, Nightmare in Manchuria, a World Justice documentary. at the (archived October 24, 2007)—AII POW-MIA images. —a firsthand account by Yuasa Ken. by Eun Park (2003)., Australian Broadcasting Corporation News Online.

Unit 731 Pdf

by Justin McCurry (2004), The Guardian. by Shane Green (2002), The Age. —review of the book Unit 731 by Peter Williams and David Wallace. The Truth of Unit 731: Elite medical students and human experiments, a documentary by NHK (2017), on.